Abstract In March 2020, the Strategic Visioning Expert Group organized by the OECD released PISA 2024 Strategic Vision and Direction for Science, which plans to introduce a new assessment dimension “Scientific Identity” into the PISA Science Framework. Based on this framework, this paper probes into the connotation of science identity, the phased process of scientific identity development and the important dimensions of scientific identity evaluation, and discusses the significance of scientific identity evaluation to the practice and evaluation of science education.