Abstract Three means are discussed and summarized for quantitative analysis of chemical equilibrium, namely chemical property, mathematical proof, and instance verification. These means are seen in most textbooks of analytical chemistry, but seldom introduced systematically. In this paper, the three means are thoroughly discussed and compared with respect to difficulty of implementation, richness of information, and rigorousness of conclusion. Four examples are used to illustrate the three means, including endpoints of titration jump, and feasibility of titration. It is noteworthy that the three means are not limited to quantitative analysis of chemical equilibrium; instead they represent universal solutions that benefit undergraduates in establishing scientific thinking and logic reasoning.
SHAO Li-Min. Three Means of Quantitative Analysis of Chemical Equilibrium: Chemical Property, Mathematical Proof, and Instance Verification[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Education, 2023, 44(14): 111-118.