Baldwin’s Rules and Their Modifications for Nucleophilic, Electrophilic, and Radical Cyclization Reactions: Analytical Approaches to Organic Chemistry Questions in Chemistry Olympiad
NI Jue-Chen1, YAN Chang-Hao2*
1. Dalian No. 24 High School, Jinpu, Dalian 116630, China; 2. College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
Abstract Cyclization reactions have consistently been a key topic in the National High School Chemistry Olympiad. The Baldwin rules, serving as crucial principles governing nucleophilic ring formation, are essential knowledge that candidates must master. Therefore, building upon the original Baldwin rules and incorporating illustrative reaction examples, this paper summarizes recent scientific advancements by combining examples of nucleophilic, radical and electrophilic reactions in their modifications and extensions. Combined with the competition questions and exam points are also included to guide competitors in comprehending this critical topic.
NI Jue-Chen, YAN Chang-Hao. Baldwin’s Rules and Their Modifications for Nucleophilic, Electrophilic, and Radical Cyclization Reactions: Analytical Approaches to Organic Chemistry Questions in Chemistry Olympiad[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Education, 2026, 47(13): 103-110.
