This paper introduces the 2003 year Nobel Prize topic:Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The principles of nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging were briefly introduced. Moreover, Recent developments in magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent research was also surveyed.

In this paper, the brief history of balance and its role in the development of chemistry is systematically introduced.

In this paper, teflon and fluorine-containing surfactant is briefly introduced.

On the basis of discussing the influence of attribution on study and future development of students, we designed an attribution questionnaire of chemistry study among middle school students who emphasize the problem solving. By means of preliminary investigation, we draw some conclusions:Chemistry study is attributed to ability, effort, fortune, teachers, surroundings, foundation and so on, without sexual difference. During chemical problem solving, boys attribute their success to efforts and experience(inherent stable factors) while girls attribute their success to efforts and the teachers (external unstable factors), and boys attribute their failure to effort(unstable controllable factors), however, girls attribute their failure to ability(stable uncontrollable factors).