Electrochemistry, preparation methods and the development of materials of ultra-microelectrodes were introduced. The preparation methods of ultra-microelectrodes such as self-assembly method, template method and etching method were reviewed. The application of new materials in preparing and coating ultra-microelectrodes were illustrated in detail. Finally, the development trends of ultra-microelectrodes were also prospected.

Combining the teaching practice of the general education course of the Nobel Prize and scientific spirit, this paper discussed teaching contents and approaches of humanistic chemistry, put forward that humanistic chemistry should focus on life, society and exciting chemistry.

The common hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, hydrogen-bond types, structures and strengths of hydrogen bonds in inorganic solids were discussed. The strengths of hydrogen bonds depend on both the hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors and the structural arrangement of the hydrogen bonds. In addition, the coordination of the donor and acceptor atoms X and Y and other structural effects (as synergetic, cooperative, anti-cooperative or competitive effect) and crystal packing phenomena have to be considered.

Planar chirality is a special case of chirality. Absolute configurations and decision methods of planar chiral compounds such as ansa compounds, cyclophanes, trans-cycloalkenes, annulenes and metallocenes were described in detail.

The instruments of the same type have a lot of similarities, which lays the foundation of comparative method in instrumental analysis teaching. Comparative method combined with student-centered discussion and exploration mode required by new curriculum reform, to elucidate the similarities and differences among various instruments is beneficial for students to master the knowledge points systematically, and is effective to stimulate students' interests of learning and improve teaching effects.

Preparing alcohol by Grignard reaction, a compulsory organic chemistry experiment in university, was studied in this article. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was selected as the solvent to substitute absolute ether, the non-aqueous processing of reagents, the initiation of Grignard reaction, the dosage of reagents, the post-processing of the reaction, the recrystallization of products and the purity testing of products conducted by thin layer chromatography (TLC) were discussed and improved. The experimental results showed that preparing triphenyl methanol by Grignard reaction in THF reduced the experiment cost significantly, the experiment phenomena were clear with a high yield, and the students' comprehensive experimental abilities were also improved.

In traditional physical chemistry experiment of ferric hydroxide colloid electrophoresis, colloidal chemical method often ends up in failure, and hydrolysis method is time consuming in dialysis and purification. This article put forward a new simple and efficient method for preparation and electrophoresis of ferric hydroxide colloids, in which hydrochloric acid solution was used as dispersant in preparation and electrophoresis experiment could be performed without dialysis.

A green methodology for removing phenol from toluene by forming deep eutectic mixture was introduced. Compared with common methods, this protocol avoided the use ofalkaline solutions and the generation of a large amount of wastewater. Also, the phenol-removal efficiency was up to 93%. This experiment not only broadened the knowledge of the students, but provided a certain theoretical and practical significance for the industrial application.

This paper introduces a comprehensive chemistry experiment, which is about the synthesis and characterization of BaSO₄ nanoparticle/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) composite materials. We synthesized the composite materials using a reversed microemulsion as the template, and the properties of composite materials were characterized by infrared spectrum, electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. This experiment, not only has a simple preparation method and a new material with excellent performance, but also uses the students' basic skills about material synthesis, instrumental analysis and so on, which were studied in college basic chemical experiment. Returning to the inquiry enables students to deepen their knowledge and understanding.

Combing with the practical experience of chemistry and chemical engineering experiment teaching center of Southwest Petroleum University, the development of tacit courses resources of experiment teaching, which is based on the cultivation of students' innovative abilities, was discussed form four aspects of optimizing laboratory environment, perfecting regulations, enriching experimental activities and exploiting tacit resources in dominant courses.

Activities of teachers and students were integrated into Kolb experiential learning model with four stages and other elements in the model were perfected. By changing the appearance order of different elements, an experiential learning model suitable for micro-course teaching in chemistry was established. Under the guidance of this model, a series of micro-course were designed to improve the lecture skills of preservice chemistry teachers.

Problems in trial lecture of pre-service chemistry teachers include that chemical knowledge is not exquisite, blackboard-writing is nonstandard, language expression should be improved, teaching gesture is not natural, use of multimedia is unskilled and instructional design capacity is not strong. The subjective reasons are influence of personal condition, absence of intensive basic skills training and indifference. The objective causes involve influence from the teaching mode of teachers, short of guidance of teachers, less strict management and acceptant standard. These problems can be resolved by strengthening chemical knowledge study, basic skills training, lecture guidance and experiment teaching skill training, giving class teaching demonstration accurately, integrating classroom observation, microteaching and trial lecture,and improving regulation systems of trial lecture.

In medical chemistry class,designing new class introduction,highlighting the connection between chemistry and medicine were helpful to train students' thinking ability, efficiently arouse their potential intelligence and active attitude, and strengthen quality education.

In order to guarantee the teaching quality of foreign students in medical college, improve the teaching quality in basic chemistry teaching, we broke traditional teaching methods and selected three situational teaching modes, including anchored instruction, cognitive apprenticeship, classroom learning community, which were suitable for foreign students to circumstance the contents of discipline knowledge and make them easy to remember.

The establishment and application of formative evaluation system of chemical experiment teaching for pharmacy major were explored,in which questionnaire and operation test were used to examine the implementation effects. The results showed that the formative evaluation system could mobilize the learning enthusiasm of students, guide them to adjust learning strategies promptly and promote teachers to improve teaching methods, so that the teaching quality could be improved.

Research on orientation of teaching design is the key point of chemical engineering teaching reform, it is useful to combine the theory with practice, optimize teaching resources, and promote the professional development of teachers. Oriented by the integration of theory and practice, teachers adhere to the ideas of cooperation of production and learning, integration of various sites and teaching contents, and study the ideas, frameworks and evaluation systems of teaching design. It is significant to the improvement of students' comprehensive occupation accomplishments.

[H⁺] in various types of acidic-basic solution can be accurately and quickly worked out by running the file of "Find_Roots.opj" on a computer where Origin 7.5 (or higher version) has already been installed. The procedure of this calculation method was described in detail.

By means of questionnaire and individual interviews, this paper investigated the situation of teaching methods, minority students' attitudes and learning methods towards organic chemistry. Results showed that some students lacked enthusiasm and correct methods to study organic chemistry. Most of the students hoped to integrate multimedia and traditional teaching, reduce teaching contents, and increase tutorship after class. Some specific suggestions and measures on how to improve the teaching quality of organic chemistry were proposed.

The molecular structures of six benzene derivatives, such as phenol, anisole, aniline, phenolate, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, have been optimized by using B3LYP/DFT method and 6-311+G^** basis set. By comparing the bond lengths and Pi-electron population numbers of these compounds, an order of abilities to activate benzene was obtained as follows: -OH< -CH₃< -NH₂< -O^-. The free energies of rate determined step of F-C methylation reactions of phenol, anisole, aniline and phenolate were also calculated, the resuls showed that the reaction activity order is: phenol< anisole< aniline< phenoxy anion. The conclusion of this paper is: the ability to activate benzene of hydroxyl is slight weaker than that of methoxyl, but the ability to activate benzene of oxygen anion is much stronger than those of hydroxyl and methoxyl.

This paper focused on the color-related examples in inorganic chemistry experiment teaching. Firstly, several common color-related questions in experiment teaching were discussed; on this basis, we gave the examples in which the observation of color change could help us to record experiment accurately and improve the efficiency of experiment; finally, several examples were listed to increase experimental interese. We hope through observation, comparison and analysis of color in chemical reaction, freshman can effectively improve experimental operation skills and abilities to solve specific problems.