Based on the aromatic ring structure and highly delocalized π-electron system,benzene and its derivatives have found broad applications in medicine,materials science,and chemical engineering.However,widespread public misconceptions regarding benzene-based compounds have emerged,largely attributable to the inherent toxicity of benzene itself and misleading commercial promotions,often leading to unsubstantiated health concerns.Drawing on the concept of substituent effects in organic chemistry,this article systematically examines the structure-activity relationships between substituents and the biological properties of benzene derivatives.By incorporating examples of commonly used benzene-containing consumer products as well as naturally occurring benzene-ring-containing substances,we demonstrate that the toxicity of a benzene derivative is primarily determined by the chemical nature and exposure dosage of its substituents.This article aims to rectify the fallacious notion that“the presence of a benzene ring implies high toxicity”to bridge the gap between public perception and scientific evidence,and to facilitate scientifically informed public assessment of industrial chemicals.

Taking the revision of the third edition of Organic Chemistry Experiments(Bilingual Edition) at our university as an opportunity,this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of some pressing issues in organic chemistry experimental textbooks and proposes practical reform strategies.Through a series of measures,including improving and updating fundamental knowledge and basic operational content,enhancing the comprehensiveness and practicality of traditional preparation experiments,introducing designed experiments,optimizing bilingual layout,promoting the integration of science and education,designing questions in a tiered and categorized manner,and enriching the presentation forms of the textbook,we strive to achieve a significant improvement in textbook quality.These efforts aim to lay a solid foundation for enhancing the teaching quality of organic chemistry experiments and the future development of students,while also providing valuable references and insights for textbook reform in local colleges and universities.

The wave function is a core concept in Structural Chemistry,yet its abstract nature and mathematical complexity pose significant challenges to students' conceptual understanding.To address this issue,we have designed and implemented a novel instructional approach centered around a “cognitive logic framework of the wave function”. By utilizing the Stern-Gerlach cascade experiment to guide students in establishing the concepts of eigenstates and superposition states,deriving the state vector from the mathematical form of superposition states,and then transitioning to the wave function through graphical representations of state vector projections in different representations,this teaching design adheres to the principles of progressing “from the known to the unknown,from experimental phenomena to abstract concepts,from mathematical forms to physical images,and from the abstract to the concrete”. Throughout the process,graphical teaching of concepts and mathematics is incorporated.Teaching practice demonstrates that this new instructional design effectively enhances students' deep understanding of the origin,meaning,and application of the wave function.

To address the limitations of traditional organic chemistry teaching,including outdated case studies,insufficient inquiry-based experiments,and unidirectional knowledge transfer,this study proposes a novel multidimensional teaching mode centered on “cutting-edge research-driven knowledge renewal”. The mode innovatively integrates high-impact research findings from leading academic journals into teachable undergraduate cases and establishes a knowledge evolution path that connects foundational concepts with frontier advances.Using the synthesis of the amine drug cinacalcet as a case study,a closed-loop instructional process,comprising “pedagogical adaptation of cutting-edge literature,dual-pathway comparative experimentation,and critical synthesis”,has been implemented.This approach not only stimulates students' interests in learning but also significantly improves their ability to integrate knowledge,think critically,and innovate in solving complex problems.The mode offers an operable and transferable framework for organic chemistry curriculum reform.

Aiming at the unbalanced teaching effectiveness in traditional basic synthetic experiments caused by individual differences among students,a teaching plan is designed based on constructivism and the Zone of Proximal Development theory to balance students' fundamental learning and individual needs.Taking the potassium alum preparation experiment as the foundation,it is expanded to include a popular science-oriented optional mordanting experiment using potassium alum as a mordant and natural purple cabbage dye on cotton fabric under different pH conditions,where the preparation part is compulsory and the mordanting part is optional.The experimental content integrates traditional preparation with natural dye mordanting applications,and the teaching mode“focusing on basics+emphasizing individuality”caters to the developmental needs of different students,especially fitting the cognitive characteristics of lower-grade learners.By providing autonomous exploration space and stimulating chemical learning interests and scientific exploration awareness through open-variable design,this study offers a new paradigm for basic experimental teaching.

This work is grounded in the intelligent reform of the quantitative chemical analysis experimental teaching system,focusing on the practical application of artificial intelligence(AI) in complexometric titration experiments.Taking the determination of total hardness and calcium-magnesium components in tap water as the research object,an intelligent analysis system based on convolutional neural network(CNN) was constructed to address the teaching pain points of subjective errors and time-consuming detection caused by manual end-point interpretation in traditional complexometric titration.The technical scheme employed a self-built microfluidic device for automatic titration,captured the color characteristics of the solution in real time through a high-frame-rate camera,and established a dynamic color recognition model combined with a CNN architecture to achieve accurate determination of the titration end-point.This experiment could be integrated into the analytical chemistry experimental teaching platform,which would effectively cultivate students' core capabilities,such as intelligent instrument operation,data analysis,and interdisciplinary innovation,providing a paradigm for the digital transformation of chemical experiments.

This experiment introduces cutting-edge research on chalcogen bonds,one of the non-covalent interactions,into undergraduate experimental teaching by designing a comprehensive approach that combines conventional experimental characterization with theoretical computational simulation analysis.In the conventional experimental component,infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are employed to verify the existence of chalcogen bonds and analyze their effects.In the theoretical calculation component,the binding modes of diphenyl selenide and dimethyl sulfoxide are simulated,utilizing weak interaction analysis methods to visualize the interaction strength distribution and active regions of chalcogen bonds.Furthermore,through computational simulation of infrared spectra and comparison with experimental results,the formation mechanism and interaction patterns of chalcogen bonds are thoroughly elucidated.This experiment ingeniously integrates fundamental spectroscopic characterization techniques with quantum chemical computational simulation,establishing a bridge connecting macroscopic experimental phenomena with microscopic quantum chemical theory.It enhances students' profound understanding of the essential nature of non-covalent chalcogen bonds and intermolecular interactions,enables them to master theoretical computational methods for simulating the action mechanisms of non-covalent chalcogen bonds,and fills the current gap in undergraduate teaching experiments in the fields of theoretical simulation analysis and experimental verification.

With the continuous integration of digital technology into chemical experimental teaching,traditional teaching modes are undergoing profound changes.We have designed and implemented a low-cost modular intelligent monitoring platform based on Raspberry Pi for the undergraduate “Analytical Chemistry Experiment” course,and completed teaching verification in EDTA metal coordination titration.The system uses a 16 bit ADC to achieve high-precision potential acquisition,combined with real-time visualization using Python.It can dynamically draw curves and automatically identify equivalent points during the titration process(with a relative error of no more than 0.1%),transforming the abstract process that originally relied on color jumps into an instant,quantifiable data stream.compared to traditional titration methods,this system can present the real-time change process of system pM.Significantly improved classroom efficiency and students' cognitive depth.The hardware adopts LEGO style quick release modules,supporting plug and play replacement of pH,ion selection or spectral sensors.The same host can cover acid-base,redox and precipitation titration without additional wiring,greatly reducing experimental costs and maintenance complexity.The data-driven workflow eliminates subjective biases in visual interpretation,and the raw data throughout the process is traceable,which helps students establish strict quantitative analysis concepts and cultivate data literacy.This program provides an innovative path for the reform of chemical experiment teaching that is technologically advanced and easy to promote,and has important practical application value.

First-principles calculations and machine learning,as essential tools in contemporary computational chemistry and materials science,have played pivotal roles in scientific research.Introducing them into undergraduate experimental teaching is of great significance.Traditional experimental teaching on obtaining material band gaps often relies on experimental measurements or commercial software calculations,lacking a systematic integration of data-driven methods.To address this,this project focuses on predicting the band gaps of bismuth-based materials and designs a digital experimental workflow that integrates first-principles calculations with machine learning,utilizing completely open-source and free software platforms.Relying on the Matminer toolkit and the SNUMAT database,458 bismuth-based materials were screened,and 145-dimensional features were extracted.Various machine learning models were constructed using the Orange platform to predict the HSE band gaps.Concurrently,the PBE band structure of BiOBr was calculated using Quantum ESPRESSO,thereby establishing a collaborative computational pathway of“theoretical simulation+data-driven modeling”.This design highlights cross-disciplinary integration and cost-effective instructional innovation.It not only helps students master the entire workflow from structure optimization and band structure calculation to machine learning modeling,but also strengthens their scientific modeling and data analysis capabilities.The pedagogical outcomes demonstrate that this project possesses strong generalizability and practical application value.

The digital experiment of handheld technology was introduced into the comprehensive chemistry experiment of Photo-Fenton synergistic degradation of organic pollutants,the experimental process video,images and digital information were obtained with wireless high-definition cameras,smart phones,Phyphox software and handheld redox potential sensors.The mathematical model of RGB value and organic matter concentration was established.This technology has the characteristics of on-site monitoring and detection,quantitative results,simple operation,high-throughput screening,less time-consuming,economical and portable.At the same time,the results show that obvious the color of the solution changes in macroscopic are shown in the images,in which the redox potential data changes and photodegradation curve are detected in microcosmic by the help of sensor equipment.The combination of macroscopic phenomena and microscopic characterization visually presents the existence of the Photo-Fenton synergistic reaction process and the catalyst participating in the reaction process.The digital level of teachers is improved by these strategies,and the application of hand-held technology digitization in experiment are helpful not only in arousing the students' interest but also in developing the students' scientific thinking and innovative consciousness.

To explore the implementation methods and application effects of the research-based teaching mode in a pharmacology course,students from classes 1-4 of the 2021 clinical medicine program(n=108) at a medical university were selected as the control group and taught using traditional lecture-based methods.Meanwhile,students from classes 1-4 of the 2022 clinical medicine program(n=122) were assigned to the experimental group and taught using the research-based teaching mode.The teaching effectiveness of this mode was evaluated from dimensions including students' recognition,satisfaction,autonomous learning ability,and critical thinking ability through questionnaire surveys and academic performance analysis.The results demonstrated that,compared with the traditional teaching approach,the class adopting the research-based teaching mode showed significant improvements in learning motivation,scientific research interest,and multiple competencies(p<0.05).Further analysis revealed that students in the experimental group exhibited significantly stronger self-directed learning and critical thinking abilities than those in the control group(p<0.05),along with higher overall satisfaction(p<0.05).Interestingly,both the examination scores and final grades of the experimental group were also significantly higher than those of the traditional teaching group(p<0.05).The results indicated that the application of research-based teaching in the pharmacology course effectively promoted the development of students' abilities to identify,analyze,and solve problems,while enhancing their self-directed learning and critical thinking.Furthermore,this approach demonstrated positive impacts on stimulating learning interest and improving academic performance.

To address the issue of overly formulaic operation steps and neglect of deep thinking in traditional laboratory teaching,inquiry-based learning of water treatment“chemical coagulation method”centers on the authentic task from the enterprise,and designs diversified group activities such as colloid structure show,coagulation mechanism big challenge and skills training ground with combination of knowledge and ability goals,by conducting responsive teaching and open-ended assessments to help students understand principles and methods while finishing practical tasks,thus facilitating deep theory-practice integration.Implementing inquiry-based learning to guide students to engage in exploration of chemical coagulation core mechanism and key influencing factors,actually develops students' logical thinking abilities and the hands-on practical ability.

This study uses the course“Biomass Conversion New Energy Technology”as a carrier to construct a systematic and modular dual dimensional linkage case teaching system.By implementing a progressive teaching reform,we aim to achieve a deep integration of typical cases and subject knowledge.Firstly,we systematically screen teaching cases that are suitable for the knowledge points of each chapter,forming a resource library that includes chapter cases and cutting-edge industry material cases;Secondly,adopting the modular teaching design concept,case teaching is organically embedded into each module through implicit infiltration strategies;Finally,construct a blended learning mode of“pre-class case study guidance,in-class interactive discussion,and post-class reflection and internalization”.Empirical research has shown that this teaching mode significantly improves students' internalization rate of knowledge and classroom participation,effectively forming a new teaching paradigm that combines theoretical teaching,case studies,and independent exploration.

For the calculation of pH and the plotting of titration curves in complex acid-base titration systems,a general formula for high-order equation calculation of pH at any time during the titration was derived.Based on the equation,a combination of“goal seek”,“macro”and“solver”commands in Excel software was employed to develop a general approach for plotting curves of various acid-base titration system.Moreover,the approach was encapsulated into a user-friendly tool TitraChart through VBA code,with which the teaching practice shows that this tool is easy to master,time-efficient,and highly accurate in calculation,making it an excellent assistant for theoretical teaching and experimental research of acid-base titration analysis.

Herein,we propose a new Chinese term for the English term“carbonium”to accurately describe the“non-classical carbocation”;both describe the same intermediates that are characteristic of a pentavalent carbon and a three-center two-electron bond.

Based on an in-depth analysis of international students' characteristics and the highly comprehensive and interdisciplinary nature of Natural Medicinal Chemistry,this study establishes teaching principles guided by “consolidating foundations,applying knowledge to practice,enhancing critical thinking,and cultivating humanistic literacy”,after use for reference of advanced international teaching philosophies and combining with actual learning condition.Accordingly,a five-in-one practical education mode has been constructed,integrating “theory-practice fusion,instruction-coaching combination,multi-platform leveraging,means synergy,and cultural immersion”.The key initiatives include:creating vocational practice scenarios and improving experimental teaching for cultivating students' ability to solve practical problems of drug quality control and extraction/separation;developing bilingual instructional videos to overcome spatiotemporal constraints and expand the scope and depth of practical training;integrating multiple platforms such as Pan-ya MOOC Platform,WeChat,and Tencent Meeting and utilizing formative evaluation to effectively improve the questions of low classroom engagement and learning initiative;relying on online-offline blended learning to remedy students' deficiencies in foundational knowledge,employing microlecture to break through the key and difficult points of teaching,thereby enhancing learning outcomes;and integrating into Traditional Chinese Medicine culture into the courses to internalize humanistic cultivation through professional knowledge.These reform efforts have improved the quality of education for international students,facilitated the dissemination of Chinese culture,and accumulated valuable experience for practical education of undergraduate pharmacy students from abroad.

Scientific theories are not the presentation of static truths,but rather the gradual improvement of their explanatory adequacy and structural grasp of natural phenomena through the process of accumulating empirical evidence and revising explanatory models through theoretical iteration.Chemical bonds and their bonding mechanisms are the core themes for exploring the structure and changes of substances.This study explores the historical evolution of chemical bond theory from philosophical metaphor to quantum essence from the perspective of disciplinary development,focusing on the four stages of its development.Furthermore,it analyzes the cognitive evolution logic and theoretical core formation mechanism of chemical bond theory.From“affinity”to“covalent bonds”and“ionic bonds”,and then to“molecular orbitals”and“energy state superposition”,chemical bond theory has undergone a gradual development from qualitative to quantitative,and from macroscopic to microscopic.This process is not simply a theoretical substitution,but a hierarchical reorganization and functional differentiation of different explanatory frameworks in specific problems.It can be seen that the theoretical evolution in the history of chemistry is not only the accumulation of knowledge,but also the dynamic update of scientific rationality in uncertainty.The logical method of analyzing the developmental stages of historical understanding based on theoretical themes provides a new analytical perspective for the study of chemical history,and also provides methodological inspiration for exploring the generation mechanism of complex scientific theories.