Chemistry education originates from chemistry and it is an important branch of science education. On the basis of reviewing the different development paths of chemistry education research in China and western countries,it is proposed that chemistry education in China should strive to change from the paradigm of pedagogy to the paradigm of empirical research. This paper discusses the three main topics of evidence-based chemistry education research,namely,research problems,theoretical basis and research methods. Moreover,it introduces writing norms of evidence-based chemistry education research,and finally it puts forward some suggestions for promoting empirical research in the chemistry education field in China.

Today, there are some global challenges faced by the earth and social systems, such as sustainable development, climate change, environmental degradation and so on. It is necessary for workers in chemistry education and other fields to adopt system thinking methods, because it's not enough to solve those challenges just by using reductionist methods. This paper reviews the research progress of foreign scholars in understanding the complexity of chemistry discipline system, the hierarchy of chemistry learning system and the integration of chemistry education system by using system thinking in chemistry (STC). The STC characteristics are summarized for attaching importance to interdisciplinarity, thinking comprehensively about the problem of target system, and emphasizing the concept of global sustainable development. It is suggested to strengthen the cooperation between internal and external systems of chemistry education, attach importance to the interdisciplinary and systematic chemistry courses and teaching in each section, and pay attention to the students' different cognitive modes to solve chemistry problems.

The competency of “Evidence-Based Reasoning” (EBR) emphasizes the use of scientific evidence in the thinking process of scientific reasoning. This study has selected standard or guiding documents in science disciplines from 27 countries or regions. NVivo 11 was employed to code and analyze these texts for exploring the description of EBR. After the word frequency analysis, the science standards of the United States and Chinese mainland, Hong Kong and Macao regions have been chose to be analyzed in details. And the characteristics of the expression related with EBA in domestic curriculum standard documents were summarized. According to the results, we emphasized the systematized process of “reason based on evidence” when we recognized and described such kind of competency. By emphasizing the necessary support of evidence, we shall focus on the process of thinking, and then provide reference for the teaching, learning and evaluation regarding EBR in science discipline.

Based on the development process of bipolar membrane, seawater desalination, sodium alkali circulation method to remove SO₂ in flue gas and other real problems as the carrier, combined with the cognitive ability of middle school students, the cognitive model of electrochemical bipolar membrane was constructed; the electrochemical simulation of bipolar membrane and its application was designed to test the cognitive literacy level of students. This paper expounded the proposition strategy and process, and provided a model cognitive literacy oriented propositional thinking. From the perspective of model construction, this paper evaluated the 12th question in 2020 college entrance examination new curriculum standard volume Ⅰ.

Based on the literature research and the real experimental research, the experiment of sodium sulfide long-term placement oxidation product test was used as the material to make the test question of the third experiment of senior high school, and the process of making the test was demonstrated, this paper expounds the strategy of making the test questions of chemical experiment research guided by the key ability of chemistry subject.

Taking “the development of antialcoholic drugs” as the project theme, the teaching of “the properties of acetaldehyde” in high school chemistry was carried out. Students have mastered the properties and applications of acetaldehyde, built a thinking model for structural analysis and property prediction of organic compounds, and learned the analysis and research of unfamiliar organic compounds by completing three project tasks, including “drugs research and analysis”, “exploration of lethal substance and search for treatment methods” and “new conception of drugs”. Using handheld technology digital experiment to determine the reaction mechanism of solution acid and alkalinity, exercise the ability of scientific inquiry, cooperation and communication, thinking expression. Effective integration with extra-curricular activities, the guarantee of laboratory instruments and reagents, data access and guidance from foreign aid experts are the keys to successfully complete the teaching of this project.

With the project theme of “designing labels for precautions in the use of hydrogen peroxide”, the teaching of “application of redox reaction” in senior high school chemistry was carried out. Students found problems through the comparison of instructions, completed three main project tasks such as “exploring whether hydrogen peroxide can be mixed with oxidizing substances” “exploring why hydrogen peroxide can not be mixed with reducing substances” and “exploring the principle of hydrogen peroxide's disinfection effect” and the expansion task of “looking for common disinfectants in daily life”, and completed the prediction and verification of the nature of hydrogen peroxide, In the process of exploration, construct and apply valence property model to form ideas and methods to understand the oxidation or reduction of substances from the perspective of valence, and understand the significance of oxidation-reduction reaction. This teaching design is a single class hour micro project. Students' thinking openness is slightly weak, and the class hour can be extended appropriately.

Subject understanding is a solid foundation for teachers' teaching. In the process of teaching design, the subject understanding research is carried out firstly. By explaining “how to understand the structure and properties of carbonyl compounds based on polar multiple bonds?” this paper tries to understand the concept of “organic matter structure relationship” in an original and structured way. From the teaching objectives, teaching ideas, teaching implementation process, this paper expounds the teaching implementation process of “aldehyde structure and nature inquiry”. At the end of the class, students are interviewed and analyzed, experts are evaluated and teachers' reflections are summarized to systematically reflect the “literacy-oriented” classroom teaching research.

Taking “sodium potassium alloy thermal ablation for cancer treatment” as the situational main line, this paper explores the nature and preparation of metal sodium around the principle of this method for cancer treatment, the difficulties encountered in the exploration process, and the cost level, so that students can learn chemical knowledge and disciplinary thinking mode in real situation, and improve their ability.

This paper analyzes the teaching purpose of the necessary experiment and the corresponding construction activity in the textbook of the compulsory course theme 4 in the Chemistry Curriculum Standard of Senior High School of 2017 Edition, and constructs the cognition model of the organic compound structure combined with the related research. This paper analyzes the teaching functions of the six ball-stick model-building activities in the teaching materials, sorts out the development of the cognition mode of organic compound structure and the construction process of the cognition model, and designs and implements the concrete teaching activities, the teaching effect is analyzed, and the teaching strategy of model-building activity is refined to promote the development of organic compound structure cognition.

In recent years, STSE education is a comprehensive practical activity teaching philosophy based on the coordination of science, technology, society and environment. The proportion of question quantity and scores in the college entrance examination has gradually increased over the years. It is an effective way to improve students' essential character, cultivate students' key abilities, and help students make correct choices against the dilemma of both advantages and disadvantages in public life, and it is an indispensable part of developing students' core literacy of chemistry. Junior high school students' chemistry teaching comprehensive practice learning based on STSE, it lays a good foundation for the rapid development of the core literacy of chemistry for junior high school students to enter the high school.

Based on the current situation of high school students' difficulty in understanding the experiment curve, in order to tap the teaching value of the experimental curve, this paper took precipitation dissolution equilibrium as an example, designed an experimental inquiry course of “macro- micro-symbol-curve” multi-representation model through classroom demonstration experiments and teaching software. Based on the experimental evidence of precipitation dissolution equilibrium, the experimental curves were drawn, microscopic models and images were constructed, so as to cultivate students' awareness of evidence collection and application, improve students' ability to analyze and understand curves, and understand the source of various curves. Combining the curves to understand and establish a “dissolution-balance-transformation” thinking model, so as to provide reference cases for the problem-oriented experimental teaching of “curve integration”.

Taking the experimental inquiry process of “reaction of magnesium and sodium bicarbonate solution” as an example, aiming at the phenomenon that the reaction rate of magnesium and sodium bicarbonate solution is faster than that of magnesium and water, this paper used control variable method and digital experiment to explore the composition of gas products and the reasons for accelerating the rate. It highlights the important role of students' independent experimental inquiry activities in promoting students' scientific inquiry and innovation consciousness, evidence reasoning and model cognition, and summarizes the general thinking path to solve the problem of experimental inquiry. Better explains that chemistry is an experiment-based science.

Orthogonal experimental design for the glucose silver mirror reaction under the condition of no heating and no shaking, using three factors: silver nitrate concentration, sodium hydroxide concentration, and glucose concentration as variables, was designed as a three-factor four-level experiment. This paper used SPSS25.0 to statistically analyze the experimental results, obtained the main influencing factors and the best experimental conditions considering the quality of the silver mirror, the reaction time of the silver mirror and the comprehensive consideration of the two factors, and combined the reaction mechanism to further analyze the influencing factors and optimal conditions.

Theoretical analysis and experimental inquiry on the reaction between sulfur and copper oxide were carried out. Based on the existing research, the experimental device was improved to increase the scientificity and preciseness of the experiment. The reaction products under different conditions were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and more accurate experimental conclusions were obtained.

Existing references have problems with the analysis of the reasons why the iron wire is wrapped into a spiral shape when burning. Video shooting was used to measure the complete burning time and the intense burning time of the iron wire when it was straightened, wrapped into a small spiral, a medium spiral, and a large spiral. Combining literature and experimental data, this paper analyzes the reasons why the iron wire is wrapped into a spiral shape from three perspectives: whether it affects the success or failure of experimental operations, whether it affects the observation of experimental phenomena, and whether it affects the convenience and safety of experimental operations.

This paper revealed the importance and necessity of the tearing experiment of plastic film in teaching of polymer based on the requirements of the new curriculum standards; teaching fragments were designed to develop the core literacy of chemistry discipline of “macro identification and micro analysis, evidence reasoning and model cognition” for students, and enabled students to understand the nature of substances not only depends on the structure, but also on the production process. Then, this paper also discussed and explained the similar questions in the chemistry textbooks and references of the People's Education Press for junior and senior high schools in order to better serve the teaching.