This paper systematically analyzes and summarizes the concepts and chemical structures of lipids and esters, discusses their identification and application, and summarizes the usage instructions and a list of related terms, which can provide reference for scientific and technical personnel to use related terms correctly and properly.

Scientists' innovative spirit is a valuable spiritual asset accumulated by scientific researchers through long-term research practices. Based on an interpretation of the connotation of scientists' innovative spirit, a research framework was established to examine the presentation of this spirit in high school chemistry textbooks. Relevant sections from various editions of high school chemistry textbooks were analyzed. The study elucidates the presentation characteristics of scientists' innovative spirit in these textbooks and offers insights for the development of high school chemistry textbooks and chemistry teaching.

Select the content of “metal corrosion and protection” that runs through the teaching of middle and senior high school,with project-based learning as the starting point,starting from an idealized experimental situation to a real and complex situation analysis. Then conduct three main tasks: “Is the stainless steel thermos cup really stainless steel?”“Protection methods of stainless steel thermos cup” and “Reasonable purchase and use of thermos cup” in order to achieve effective teaching connection and learning progression across the school segments.

The interdisciplinary teaching of carbon dioxide content mainly created tasks from the perspective of environmental protection, with less involvement in the connection between chemistry, life and health, and medicine. Based on the students' existing experience and their knowledge in biology and chemistry, the core question of “the impact of carbon dioxide amount in the human body on health” was proposed. Four interdisciplinary situational tasks were created, including three practical inquiry activities of respiratory alkalosis, first aid methods for acidosis, and rescuing goldfish, which are related to medicine and biology. Through conducting interdisciplinary themed teaching practices based on real problem solving, students' interdisciplinary thinking was developed, and the development of core literacy was promoted.

An interdisciplinary practical activity project on “creative design of colorful gardens” is based on the core concepts of the discipline of “acid-base”. The project includes three core elements: analyzing the principle of flower color development, designing a solution to regulate flower color, and maintaining the ecological environment of the garden. They are guided to think systematically and harmonize the multiple components of garden design practice from scientific, ecological and artistic perspectives, to construct the interdisciplinary concepts of “cause and effect” and “system”, and to develop their interdisciplinary understanding and systems thinking.

Using the CER evidence-based teaching model as a framework, this paper creates the situation of “exploring the nature of insurance powder”, presenting the teaching process from making a claim based on model cognition, questioning abnormal phenomena in experiments, continuing to collect evidence for a secondary argument, and finally providing scientific explanations. By using the CER framework,this paper enhances students' awareness of evidence reasoning and develops students' evidential reasoning skills and model cognition core literacy.

The “new curriculum” encourages teachers to focus on improving the literacy of students, which values the importance of “evidence reasoning” and “model recognition” in chemistry. Such literacy significantly helps to build up their ability to prove evidences, improve their ability to construct abstract thinking models. In order to embrace this concept, this paper proposes the comprehensive teaching design of “atomic structure” based on a dual-model construction. The dual-model construction describes the constructional relationship between the theoretical model of the atomic structure and the thinking model for answering related questions. Furthermore, the corresponding syllabus is designed within two subsections where the first part is to introduce and re-construct the Bohr model and thinking model, and the second part is to improve the model into a quantum mechanics model with more evidence and new thinking models.

The conversion between acids represents a classic issue within non-redox reactions, illustrating the practical application of weak electrolyte ionization equilibrium and salt hydrolysis equilibrium principles in ionic reactions. This study aims to explore the impact of the acid-salt-arrow method on students' analytical capabilities concerning the transition from strong acids to weak acids, particularly in the context of the new curriculum for weak electrolyte ionization equilibrium and salt hydrolysis equilibrium. The investigation focuses on the analysis speed and depth of understanding when dealing with strong acid to weak acid transitions of varying complexities. Findings indicate that the method significantly enhances students' proficiency in distinguishing between strong and weak acids and in writing relevant equations. Moreover, the teaching approach has notably improved students' analytical speed and their capacity for quantitative reasoning.

Based on the principle of “cyanotype” technology, a fun comparative experiment was developed for the UV resistance of various sunscreens and transparent materials of different colors. At the same time, a simple method for quantitatively determining the UV shading rate was established through the blue ratio in the “color recognition” software. This experiment can expand knowledge related to complexes and provide experimental cases for simple complex synthesis reactions involving ultraviolet light.

It is difficult to measure the dissolution heat of solution with unclear thermal effects through calorimetry experiments. This paper uses conductivity sensors to measure the conductivity data of electrolyte suspensions as a function of temperature,and obtains the relationship between temperature and solubility product constant,and uses Van't Hoff equation to calculate the dissolution heat of electrolytes. To cultivate students' ability to solve difficult chemical problems through innovative experimental methods,and improve the guidance effect of chemical theory on learning practice.

The changes of SO₂ volume, SO₂ content, solution pH, solution conductivity and solution turbidity in the reaction between Na₂S₂O₃ and H₂SO₄ were measured experimentally, and it was considered that the rate of the reaction could be characterized by the change of SO₂ content and the change of solution turbidity, but not by the change of SO₂ volume, the change of solution pH or the change of conductivity.

This paper uses easily accessible materials, combined with a smartphone macro lens, to build a simple contact angle measurement system and conduct a series of experiments. The contact angles of water on different solid surfaces and the effects of functional groups, carbon chain length, and positional isomerism of liquid organics on their contact angles were systematically studied. In addition, the effects of adding miscible liquids, inorganic salts, and surfactants to water on the contact angle of water were examined. By analyzing the changes in the contact angle from the perspective of intermolecular forces, the intrinsic connections between contact angle and the microstructure of substances were uncovered. This paper seeks to provide a fresh angle for high school chemistry education, assisting students in gaining a clearer understanding of intermolecular forces.

In the current textbooks, when preparing of ferrous hydroxide, a gray-green precipitate appears first, which then turns into a reddish-brown precipitate, with no white precipitate observed. The explanation for the formation of the gray-green precipitate is vague, and the amount of reagents required for the experimental reaction is not quantified. This study explores the principle of the preparation of ferrous hydroxide. A simple oxygen-isolated reaction device is designed using a syringe and a test tube, and the optimal amounts of reagents for the preparation of ferrous hydroxide are quantitatively determined to be 1.0 mL of 0.10 mol/L ferrous sulfate solution and 5.0 mL of 8.00 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution. The experimental results have demonstrated that the true cause of the formation of gray-green precipitates during the preparation of ferrous hydroxide is the hydration reaction between ferrous hydroxide and water, as well as the aggregation state resulting from its own sedimentation. The improved experiment is simple to operate, the white precipitate has a long preservation time, the reproducibility rate is high, and it is convenient for classroom demonstration.

In response to the high failure rate and poor product quality in the preparation of copper-ammonia fibers as described in textbooks, this paper provides an overview of existing research on improvements. It proposes a pathway for improving the experimentation process of preparing copper-ammonia fibers from an “integration of science and engineering” perspective. Aiming for “speed, simplicity, and efficiency”, this study conducts a theoretical analysis and comparison of various experimental schemes to explore better experimental conditions. Building on this, it further simulates the wet spinning process used in industry, integrating elements of scientific and engineering thought to design a “Copper-Ammonia Fiber Spinning Process Simulation” experiment. In conjunction with the historical development of the copper-ammonia fiber production industry, this paper discusses the value and implications of “integration of science and engineering” thinking.

Studying the influence mechanism of organic molecular structure on its physical properties is an important teaching content to construct the core concept of “structure determines properties”. Based on the principle of minimizing structural differences for comparison, the three kinds of research ideas are formed combined with the structural characteristics of organic molecules: comparison of isomers, comparison of homologues, and comparison of substituents in the same series. The influence mechanism of relative molecular mass, molecular polarity and molecular space structure on the melting point and boiling point of organic matter is also clarified, and the common teaching errors are analyzed to improve the understanding of the melting point and boiling point changes of organic matter. Enlightenment teachers to cultivate students' consciousness and ability to analyze material properties by using structural chemical knowledge in teaching, and guide students to dialectically understand the generality and diversity of the changing laws of material properties.

Through the comprehensive analysis of relevant statements in literature and the design of comparative experiments, from the phenomenon discussion and the quantitative titration calculation of the possible substitution product: hydrogen halide, it is confirmed that benzene and bromine mainly occur addition reaction under the condition of direct sunlight, accompanied by a small amount of substitution byproducts. And the comparative experiment shows that the optimal condition of addition reaction is ultraviolet irradiation. It is extended to the light reaction of benzene and chlorine gas, and the same situation is confirmed by experiments.

Understanding of chemistry subject is the primitive and structured understanding of subject knowledge, thinking patterns and methods by teachers. In response to the difficulties faced by teachers in implementing core subject competencies and improving their academic abilities in their professional development, the academic community has taken understanding of subject as a breakthrough point and conducted multi-faceted research. In order to grasp the progress and trends of understanding of subject research, this article uses content analysis method to select 139 relevant literature as research samples, focusing on theoretical research, practical research, and evaluation research. Through comparative analysis, the following conclusions are drawn: the different positioning of discipline leads to differences in the field of understanding of subject; The convergence and singularity of disciplinary understanding paths require exploration of diverse understanding paths; The disciplinary understanding of specific topics focuses on problem orientation, but the research topics lack systemic and coherence. How to organically integrate understanding of subject with teaching practice urgently needs theoretical explanation; In the understanding level and ability of chemistry teachers, the dimension of chemistry thinking needs to be strengthened.

In the 1950s, Eversole first used chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to synthesize diamonds, the immaturity of technology and the confinement of ideas led to the chemical vapor deposition characterized by low stress being dubbed “Alchemy”. After 1982, the development of various CVD techniques and the theory of low-pressure diamond synthesis have prompted people to break the ideological prison and pay more attention to CVD diamond. At the beginning of the 21st century, another breakthrough in technological growth parameters and equipment has promoted the successful synthesis and commercialization of CVD single crystal diamond.In short, the process from low-pressure attempts to the synthesis of high-quality and large-sized single crystal diamonds reflects the advancement of technology and the development of ideas.