The Group 14-18 Elements of the Periodic Table can work as electrophilic sites and can form attractive interaction with electron-rich partners. The electrophilic sites have low density generally as electron density acceptor, and have positive molecular surface electrostatic potentials in most cases. The sites can be divided into two types. The positive surface electrostatic potential region of a molecular entity along extension of the covalent σ-bonding axis is named σ-hole, while the region with a positive surface electrostatic potential in the direction perpendicular to the σ-framework of the molecular entity can be called the π-hole. The attractive interaction between σ-hole or π-hole and electron-rich partner is named σ-hole bond or π-hole bond, respectively. The σ-hole bond is apt to 180 degree, and π-hole bond to 90 degree. According to the group names of the Element Periodic Table, σ-hole bond can be divided into some categories, including aerogen bond, halogen bond, chalcogen bond, pnictogen bond and tetrel bond, the current halogen bonding is a subset of σ-hole bonding. The classification of π-hole bond appears to be somewhat complicated, simply including single and multi-atoms π-hole bond.

Reciprocal lattice is one of the important teaching contents, and also one of the difficulties in some courses with relation to such undergraduate specialties as chemistry, physics, geology, mineralogy, and materials science. Up to now, knowledge points about reciprocal lattice have no logic correlation with each other, which brings difficulties to study of students and classroom teaching of teachers. Here, the concept of reciprocal lattice is established from Ewald diagram explanation on Bragg Equation. According to Ewald diagram explanation on Bragg equation, primitive vectors of reciprocal lattice should first be defined, and then node indexes of a reciprocal vector could be deduced, which equal to the Miller indexes of its corresponding lattice plane. This novel teaching route would facilitate beginners to better understand the concept of reciprocal lattice due to the visualization and materialization of Ewald diagram adding to our organized analyses.

This paper mainly introduces the T-x phase diagram of two components in the phase equilibrium system from three aspects. The first is the simple introduction of the phase diagram of two components in physical chemistry; The second is a combination of simple phase diagram of two components; the third is the recognition of practical complex phase diagrams of two components. It can help students to understand and master the T-x diagram of gas-liquid, liquid-liquid and liquid-solid in the phase equilibrium system of two component. A good foundation is obtained for the practical application.

Biochemistry is an important course and a cross-discipline in chemistry and life science. Its connotation is very complicated. The difficulties in biochemistry teaching lie in the fragmentation and complexity of knowledge points. The diversity of molecules poses challenges for the teaching of biochemistry and for arousing students' interests. It is therefore difficult for students to better learn the knowledge. To improve the teaching methods of biochemistry, the authors tried to introduce the "Relevance Method" and "Analogy Method" to construct a tree of knowledge point. Moreover, the authors tried to tell students stories about this tree of life and improve biochemistry teaching effectiveness.

This paper introduced the implementation of the "Summer Short Semester" innovative research practice of undergraduates at Nankai University taking the synthesis and characterization of anti-HCV drug Sofosbuvir as an example. The practice involved the background introduction, synthesis and characterization of Sofosbuvir, as well as discussion of experimental results. Practice showed that the comprehensive experiments with a long experiment time and high complexity could improve students' scientific research ability and promote the combination of theoretical teaching and scientific research practice. This approach has achieved a good teaching effect.

Fluorescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were synthesized from citric acid by a simple dehydration-condensation process, and the structure, chemical composition and property were studied by transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence spectrophotometer. A series of fluorescent switches of GQDs were also designed by using the electron-transfer interaction between photoluminescent GQDs and transition metal ions as well as the chelation interaction between metal ions and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid. Moreover, the mechanism and interaction law for the fluorescence quenching and recovering of GQDs were also carefully studied. This design experiment combined scientific research focus and experiment teaching, and covered the design, synthesis, characterization and property study of materials, all of which were helpful to cultivate students' scientific literacy and experimental skills as well as to improve their ability to analyze and solve problems.

This paper explored the mode of "maker education+SPOC" flipped experiment teaching, which was specifically applied to the determination of trace impurity iron in sodium hydrogen phosphate products. Through fully mixing online and offline teaching resources, and teaching process of flipped classroom,this paper researched task issue, video preview, quiz and early preparation questions flip, middle experiment content collaboration, and later experimental process reflection in class activities, and thus expanding the students' design research innovative solutions after class. This teaching method not only cultivated students' basic skills but also stimulated their interests in chemistry experiments as well as improved their scientific research quality.

A new curriculum system of chemistry major is proposed by properly integrating chemical professional knowledge, chemical education knowledge, practical teaching ability, and science & technology literacy. It is constructed in the context of the implementation of the national examination for the teacher certificate and professional accreditation, and on the basis of the analysis of the current curriculum system of the chemistry major in regional universities and the knowledge and abilities that students should possess. The main objective is to cultivate future high school chemistry teachers who have profound chemistry knowledge, solid education knowledge of chemistry, and sound teaching ability in practice. Besides, the new curriculum system is specially designed so that most students can smoothly pass the national examination of teacher certificate.

Experiment teaching plays an essential role in achieving the integration of production and teaching of higher vocational education. Chongqing Industry Polytechnic College, optimizes experimental curriculum system in pharmaceutical production technology major with the new "green chain of production" system, involving new type of experimental course framework, micro experimental details in an environmental friendly way and "O2O" experiment teaching means. This reform has successfully made the combination of laboratory exercises and learning as well as the union of production and learning come true, meanwhile vastly improving students' comprehensive practical skills, professional and comprehensive quality and their problem-solving ability.

In this paper, the dilemma that both reformed project-oriented curriculum and old ones co-existing has been analyzed, and this problem may be solved by the introduction and execution of project-oriented curriculum. In practice, a global undergraduate teaching-research program "distributed drug discovery (D3)" developed by teaching fellows in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis(IUPUI)has been incorporated into pharmaceutical-majored student laboratory curriculum at Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College. After continuous two-year follow-up investigation, it has been found that this type of laboratory curriculum is able to get students involved in the most advanced research project. As a result, students acquired good sense of achievement in the laboratory skills while their horizons for cutting edge technology in drug discovery have been broadened. More importantly, their motivation for learning and reasoning, the sense of innovation, scientific spirit, and their effort for team-work were greatly improved, which, in turn, will significantly benefit their career development. Therefore, the project-oriented curriculum which is well matched with the characteristics of the students is becoming an inexorable trend for the education reform of higher vocational colleges.

A layered double hydroxide adsorbent was prepared and its bromate adsorptive performance was tested. The adsorption and modern test technology are combined with environmental chemistry experiment teaching. The MgAl-LDHs adsorbent was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis method. The CLDHs with ‘memory effect’ was achieved after calcination. The structure and morphology of the adsorbents were characterized by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The influence of the MgAl-LDHs on the adsorptive activity of bromate was discussed based on the analysis of the data of the material and the results of the performance test, and the mechanism of the adsorption reaction was further explored. This experiment can enable students to acquire the frontiers of the catalytic discipline, understand the adsorption reaction and the basic principles of various modern test techniques. It can also improve students' comprehensive experimental ability, stimulate independent thinking and innovative consciousness, which is beneficial to the cultivation of innovative talents.

Taking advantage of the interactivity, instantaneity and radioactivity of We-Media, we built an information-interactive platform based on WeChat public platform for the inorganic and analytical chemistry experiment course, and a relevant teaching practice was performed. According to the technology acceptance model, an evaluation about the platform was made in the aspects of usefulness, convenience and use attentions. It is found that the We-Media platform has generally received the students' acceptance and recognition, but there is still some problems about resources and management of the platform. In the end, we also proposed future optimizing strategies of the platform.

Design an on-line chemical experiment safety examination system, including on-line examination, data analysis and other modules. This system can be used to accomplish the safety training and examination of chemical experiments. The Data learning algorithm is used to analyze the students' test results, to evaluate the students' mastery of safety knowledge, to ensure the safety of the experimental courses, and to provide effective help for the experiment teaching.

There are controversial viewpoints on the hybrid state of carbonyl oxygen atom in the organic chemistry textbooks and some monographs. The hybridization state of O atoms in the carbonyl group affects on the polarity of carbonyl groups in a certain degree. Consequently, it will slightly affect on the chemical properties of the carbonyl group, especially on its electrophilic addition reaction activity. By means of theoretical calculation, it is found that the carbonyl oxygen of aldehyde or ketone molecules is neither in complete sp² nor in non-hybrid state when it bonds with carbonyl carbon, but in a status between sp² and non-hybrid.

From focusing on experiment skill and operation contest to focus on research project, the College Student's Chemistry Contest of Zhejiang Province has been basically changed. Taking several recent contests for example, participation format, research topic, assessment and scoring method have been expressed and analyzed. Compared to other traditional chemistry contests, this new mode could not only inherit the wisdom of experiment teaching, but also greatly promote among undergraduates with creative thinking and innovative skills, therefore enhance the whole quality level of chemistry experiment teaching.