Here we briefly introduce the life-related phosphorus element. Phosphoric acid is employed as the skeleton of genetic material. The cell membrane serves as a regulator of endocytosis or exocytosis of a cell and mainly consists of phospholipid bilayer. The phosphorylation of protein alters protein's function and related to many diseases. With the development of chemistry and life science, we are in an era of more opportunities for the discovery of phosphorus in life events.

This paper takes "11·4 Fujian Quangang Carbon 9 Leakage Accident" as the test carrier. After investigating and selecting test sites, a set of high school chemistry test questions is designed, on the basis of the relevant description of the test evaluation and the basic theory and technical requirements of test design written in the National High School Chemistry Curriculum Standards (2017 Edition). Besides, the test objectives, such as cognitive operation, core literacy and the level of academic quality achieved, are analyzed in detail. By doing so, this paper argues for the technical requirements for test design, which further provides some reference for the proposition that the core literacy is the test objective.

The Chemistry Assessment Tests of Junior Middle School Students in Shanghai from 2004 to 2017 are used as the research object. The alignment between assessments and curriculum standards is analyzed from the two dimensions which concluded the topic and cognitive demand by using the SEC alignment analysis model. The factors on alignment are briefly explained. The conclusions are drawn:the alignment between assessments and curriculum standards of the junior high school in Shanghai is not bad and there are some differences.

In order to solve the challenging problems, we should create the context of "salt exposure in sea water" and make the students' knowledge of "solution" structured and functionalized. Students transfer structured knowledge to the process of solving new problems in the context of "Dabusu Lake Alkali Making" to promote the transformation of knowledge to literacy and develop students' core literacy of chemistry.

"Evidence-based reasoning" and "model cognition" are the thinking methods of forming the conclusion in scientific inquiry, which bind together as one of the core competencies of chemistry discipline. Evidence-based reasoning runs through the process of scientific inquiry. The construction and development of model with hypothetical characteristic must be based on evidence reasoning. The cultivation of this core competence depends on deepened inquiry learning. It is necessary to attach importance to the controlling role of evidence-based reasoning in the whole process, build macro-micro links with model cognition, and improve the level of argument through high-quality dialogue.

Taking the development of chemical calculation and chemical language as an example, it is discussed that the demand for simplicity is an important driving force for the development of chemistry. If teachers give correct guidance, pursuing "simplicity" will become an inexhaustible motive force for students' innovation. Taking two examples of deliberate simplification in chemistry teaching, it shows that the simple pursuit of transition will hamper students' thinking and hamper the prosperity of teaching research.

The research of chemical threefold representation has been paid much attention by scholars at home and abroad. At present, the research of primary characterization has a certain theoretical basis, but the research on secondary characterization (ie, the transformation between different characterization levels) is still the weakness and difficulty of research. There are some limitations in the methods of paper-pencil testing and spoken language research. In order to study the basic characteristics of the transformation between the three characterizations from the information processing process,the eye-movement analysis method is used to perform a 3×3 two-factor mixed experiment on 12 junior high school students. The results show that:(1) At the end of the first semester of the grade nine, the excellent students can basically carry out the direct transformation between the three levels of representation; (2) For students with moderate academic performance, their symbolic representation is strong and relies on symbol characterization. Showing the phenomenon of "two-channel collaborative processing". Symbols-macro, microscopic levels are stronger. And macro-micro, symbols and micro-symbols, macro-transformation levels are weaker; (3) Students with poor learning generally lack threefold-representations thinking and consciousness. The level of transformation between threefold-representations is generally low. In contrast, symbols-macro, microscopic levels is slightly stronger than macro-micro, symbols and micro-symbols, macro-transformation levels.

The professional development of teachers has to go through different stages. The characteristics of classroom behavior of expert teachers have implications for the professional development of teachers. Through the comparison and analysis of the type and time of the 10 normal teaching behaviors of the expert chemistry teachers, the same characteristics and differences of the teaching behaviors of the expert teachers under the theme of the concept principle and the elemental compound theme are summarized.

This study selected 179 chemistry teachers from 15 general senior high schools in Lanzhou city of Gansu province as participants, made an in-depth analysis of the status of chemistry classroom observation and evaluation of general senior high schools from seven dimensions:the purpose, attitude, content, method, system, organizational implementation and culture,and found that:teachers haven't realized the meaning and value of observation and evaluation activities in classroom study and they fail to carry out classroom teaching research through those observation and evaluation activities; schools are lacking of institutional protection and guidance to the teacher's classroom observation and evaluation activities together with the ignorance of teachers' subjective initiative and individual's variation; the individualism and cooperation culture also make teachers suffer from blocks in their classroom observation and evaluation activities; different types of teachers have significant differences in the seven dimensions of classroom observation and evaluation. Based on this, schools should reconstruct professional classroom observation and evaluation system, cultivate professional research culture, and establish professional research community. Meanwhile, teachers should change the traditional ideas of classroom observation and evaluation, cultivate awareness and enhance the ability of classroom teaching and research.

To study the application level and influencing factors of middle school chemistry teachers' handheld technology. Based on the TPACK theory,this study innovatively introduced context factors into the TPACK survey for questionnaire design. 187 teachers from 16 provinces participated in this online questionnaire survey. Used SPSS software to evaluate the reliability and validity of questionnaire at the same time, used SPSS AMOS to conduct exploratory factor analysis, and analyzed the survey results. Studies proved that the TPACK scale structure model of middle school chemistry teachers' handheld technology was good and could be used to evaluate the application level of middle school chemistry teachers' handheld technology. And the results showed that the application of handheld technology in middle school chemistry teachers was good,but it was significantly related to gender,teaching age and school category. Consider the research results,this paper put forward some suggestions to improve the application level of handheld technology of middle school chemistry teachers.

When using oxygen sensors in "digital experiment inquiry on reaction of N₂ and O₂ under simulated thunderstorm", the problem of "not descending and rising" was presented. This paper analyzed the principle and found its essence was primary battery reaction. In order to verify the principle of reaction, analyzed the value changes of oxygen sensor in chlorine gas and nitrogen dioxide gas. Then put forward some suggestions for using oxygen sensor.

By analyzing the shortcomings of concentrated sulfuric acid or phosphorus pentoxide as a catalyst, this paper used anhydrous aluminum chloride to catalyze ethanol to ethylene in 120~130℃. Then this article discussed the reaction mechanism. On the basis of teaching demonstration experiment, this paper also optimized the device, and obtained good results.

Through a series of experiments, this paper obtained that:the formation and dissolution of dark brown silver oxide precipitate could only be seen in the reaction of newly prepared ammonia water and silver nitrate solution; when ammonia water was exposed to air for a long time, part of the ammonia water absorbed carbon dioxide from the air to produce ammonium carbonate, then the ammonia water reacted with silver nitrate solution, white silver carbonate precipitates generated.

With the help of hand-held technology, the Avogadro constant is measured by electroplating and double-liquid galvanic cell method, and a new approximate method for the determination of Avogadro constant is obtained, which can be used as a useful supplement to textbook experiments, to help students understand concepts and feel the charm of chemical quantitative experiments.

Chemical experiment in primary school science is an important way for students to acquire scientific knowledge. Through the observation and research, it is found that there is an obvious phenomenon of attention dispersion in primary chemistry experiment teaching. The attention dispersion in the process of experimental teaching will affect the cultivation of students' scientific inquiry ability, hinder the acquisition of students' scientific knowledge and the formation of scientific concepts. By observing the class of primary school science and analyzing the video of high-quality class of primary school science from 2012 to 2018, the types of attention dispersion are classified according to the different phenomena of attention dispersion in class. Combined with education target taxonomy, cognitive load theory and attention resource limitation theory, this paper analyzes the reasons of attention dispersion in primary school chemistry experiment teaching, and puts forward countermeasures to solve the problems of attention dispersion in primary school chemistry experiment teaching.

Taking papers from Chinese Journal of Chemical Education as the research object from 2000 to 2018, with the visual analysis and knowledge mapping, this paper shows a research context of Chinese high school chemical education. It provides a useful reference for the follow-up research and practice by grasping its research focus and development trend as a whole.

The modern Chinese chemical education began in the Westernization Movement. This paper introduces the chemistry education in the Westernization period from the following three aspects:chemistry education in new-style schools in Westernization Movement, major chemical books and periodicals, and native scholars, foreign scholars, international students, and explores the characteristics of chemical education during the Westernization Movement.