Cytokinins are widely concerned by society as they can effectively promote crop yield, income, and quality improvement. This article introduces specific cases of cytokinins in practical applications and typical synthesis routes of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) cytokinin. The advantages and disadvantages of several industrial synthesis routes of 6-BA are compared based on raw material cost, process environmental protection, reaction operation, and other aspects. Finally, based on its synthetic reaction characteristics, some specific suggestions are proposed for the teaching of organic chemistry in middle schools.

Chemistry Curriculum Standards for Compulsory Education of China(2022 Edition) specifically sets up “situational material suggestions” in the teaching tips section of each learning topic of the curriculum content for reference by textbooks compilation and teacher teaching. This paper compares and analyzes the quantity, status, content, characteristics, and role of “situational material suggestions” in the new and old junior high school chemistry curriculum standards, and puts forward suggestions for the use of this part.

Considering the current situation of students’ development in chemical core literacy, this paper developed the junior high school chemistry homework based on read-write collaboration. The evaluation dimensions, standards, and implementation strategies for this type of homework were established, and its practical effect was tested through implementation. Based on these findings, the future research direction for junior high school chemistry homework design and implementation is discussed from three perspectives: focusing on the context, emphasizing the process, and promoting its benefits.

Using the localized SEC consistency analysis tool, this paper studies the matching degree between the exercises of PEP Edition and LUKE Edition senior high school chemistry textbooks and the chemistry curriculum standards in the module of “basic organic chemistry” from four aspects: content theme, cognitive level, core literacy and literacy level. It is found that the exercises of the two textbooks are consistent with the curriculum standard in an acceptable level, but not statistically, which provides reference for the revision and compilation of textbook exercises.

The illustrations of the relevant chapters in the compulsory and optional modules under the theme of “material structure” in the senior high school chemistry textbooks of the PEP Edition (2019) and the Sanmin Edition (2020) are taken as the research objects. Using the content analysis method, the frequency statistics and analysis are carried out from the presentation form and function type of illustrations. It is concluded that the illustrations in the Sanmin Edition are slightly superior, while there is some improvement in the illustrations in the PEP in terms of presentation form; the illustrations in the Sanmin Edition need to strengthen the knowledge structure level of some organizational illustrations, while the PEP needs to enhance the explanatory effect of explanatory illustrations in terms of functional types. Finally, it puts forward substantive suggestions for textbook compilation and classroom teaching.

With the theme of “revealing, improving, and making homemade ‘fire folders’”, the teaching of “combustion and extinguishing fire” in junior high school chemistry is carried out. By completing the five subtasks of “revealing fire folders” “researching fire folders” “improving fire folders” “making homemade fire folders” and “understanding the modern application of the wisdom of fire folders”, students build the conditions of combustion and the principle knowledge of fire extinguishing, cultivate students’ literature research ability and experimental exploration ability, and develop students’ courage of advanced thinking ability of questioning and thinking based on experimental facts. Combine literature research and experimental exploration with students’ solution of real problems to complete the internalization of “burning and fire extinguishing” related knowledge and improvement of literacy.

Taking the teaching of “rust and protection of iron and steel” as an example, digital experiments and fun experiments are used to help students build models of iron and steel rust, and the common methods of preventing iron rust are analyzed through the models, so as to awaken students’ inner desire for knowledge, achieve model construction and application, and develop students’ chemical core literacy.

Using the compressed oxygen self rescuer absorbent as a scenario, this paper designed three core questions: “Verify the absorbent composition: calcium hydroxide” “Explore whether the absorbent can be sodium hydroxide”, and “What are the common chemical properties of alkalis?” guided students to discover the properties and uses of common bases, and establish a chemical concept of “structure determines property, and property determines use”, and understanded the important role of chemistry in life, production, environment, society and other aspects, improved students’ core literacy of chemistry.

Through project-based teaching“chemical reaction and electric energy”, students can understand the relationship between the structure and function of primary battery, further improve the structural model of primary battery, and on this basis, this paper guides students to take the structural optimization of copper zinc primary battery as the starting point, infer its structural defects based on experimental phenomena, and propose optimization plans. Through the creation training of the subsequent structural optimization scheme, such as the elimination of liquid connection potential and the evolution of salt bridge to diaphragm, students can clarify the optimization idea of new battery and establish the thinking model of battery design, so as to deepen the understanding of the principle of primary battery and cultivate the innovative thinking ability of using systematic methods to solve practical problems.

Career experience is based on user needs and production efficiency, using disciplinary knowledge and combining with technical means, is the professional attitude and labor concept of constantly optimizing plans, which can provide students with real problem situations, experience the disciplinary value of chemistry, and understand the characteristics of different professions. With the theme of “self-made thermos bottle”, the teaching is designed and explored from the aspects of the process flow of thermos bottle, the production of inner liner and external design, so as to exert students’ subjective initiative, improve students’ transfer and application of knowledge, and cultivate their ability to solve comprehensive problems.

The second-period review for college entrance examination should focus on improving students’ abilities and developing their academic quality in chemistry. To demonstrate how to use the knowledge and information to solve complex problems in a real situation, the revision class combining electrochemical principles and industrial processes about lithium battery is designed for relieving the anxiety of students. The preparation, laboratory assembling, charging and discharging principles, and recycling of the lithium battery are discussed throughout the class. Based on the real situation, ten challenging tasks with evaluation functions are given. The students’ performance will be evaluated and guided immediately according to the evaluation scales, which can promote the development of their high-level thinking ability greatly. Reflection has been carried out after the class. The challenging tasks should be assigned step by step; the growth of high-level thinking needs sufficient time; and knowledge that may not be tested can be more valuable.

Two kinds of classroom inquiry activities were designed by using the teaching materials of the People’s Education Edition and the Shandong Science and Technology Edition respectively. The influence of the use of inquiry materials with different complexity on the structural inquiry ability and psychological experience of students at two ability levels was discussed through the empirical method. The results show that simple inquiry materials have a good immediate teaching effect on students in parallel classes and innovative classes. Complex inquiry materials have a significant role in promoting the structural inquiry ability of students in innovative classes, but bring poor learning effect and psychological experience to students in parallel classes. This study shows that students at different levels should choose inquiry materials suitable for their cognitive styles, so that their thinking ability can be fully developed and better learning psychological experience can be obtained.

An investigation was conducted on the importance, teaching format, and implementation difficulties of the first course of chemistry. Summarize the teaching materials for the first course of chemistry from four aspects: curriculum standards, teaching materials, practical life, cutting-edge technology, and news hotspots. Propose four teaching paradigms: life situational approach, outlining approach, knowledge advancement approach, and method guidance approach. Propose implementation strategies for the first course of chemistry from five aspects: the implementation of moral education, the integration of academic planning, the selection of teaching materials, the arrangement of textbook order, and the control of depth and breadth.

A simple and efficient miniature pressurized filtration device was designed using a glass dropper, skimmed cotton and an earwash ball. The filtration effect was analyzed by DLS test and Vernier manometer, finding that the device not only had fast filtration speed, but also realized small and narrow particle size distribution in the filtrate. Two applications of the micro device are also provided: accelerating the acquisition of the “upper clear liquor” and realizing the micro experiment of precipitation transformation.

To further optimize the convenience and universality of chemistry colorimetric experiments in high school, the element of iodine in kelp was measured using a smartphone application (Colorimetric Titration) for determining the concentration of iodine in solutions. The integration of image acquisition, data collection, data analysis, and result display has been achieved. Additionally, concentrations of potassium permanganate and iron content in iron supplements were measured. The results showed that the standard deviations (R²) of seven samples were all above 0.99, and there was no significant difference compared to the results obtained using UV-visible spectrophotometry. This confirms the method is high user-friendliness, accuracy, and rapidity, making it applicable for measuring various color-indicating ion concentrations. This experiment can stimulate students’ interest and innovation in experiments, providing new perspectives for high school chemistry colorimetric experiments and promoting the digitization of education.

Taking the complex reaction system constructed by Na₂SO₃ solution and chromium (VI) salt solution as an example, the control variate method was used to explore whether the factors such as the acidity and alkalinity of the solution, the concentration of the solution, and the dissolved oxygen of the solution affected the redox reaction of Na₂SO₃ solution and chromium (VI) salt solution. The experimental results show that the reaction between Na₂SO₃ solution and chromium (VI) salt solution is related to the acidity and alkalinity of the solution. The acidity of the solution increases, while the oxidizing ability of chromium (VI) solution increases, the reducing ability of Na₂SO₃ solution has almost no effect, and the dissolved oxygen in the solution system has little effect on the increasing oxidizing ability of chromium (VI) solution with increasing acidity.

In response to the shortcomings of ethanol catalytic oxidation experiments in the textbook, improvements have been made to the experiments in the textbook. This paper conducts experiments using cotton swabs dripped with Schiff reagent, copper sheets, and short necked funnels. The improved experiment conforms to the principles of scientificity, safety, practicality and economy.

From the perspective of multidisciplinary integration, the 7th question of the 37th Chinese Chemistry Olympiad in 2023 (preliminary competition) is extended. Using the electrochemical potential, this paper discusses the production mechanism, influencing factors, determination scheme and calculation method of the membrane potential, and finally puts forward the optimization information of the question.

Based on constructivism, HPS aims to integrate the history of science(H), philosophy of science (P) and sociology of science (S) into science education to promote students’ understanding of the nature of science. In recent years, HPS education has become a teaching concept widely recognized by the educators in the world. Taking the implementation of HPS education in middle school chemistry teaching in China from 2000 to 2023 as the analysis object, this paper summarizes the application of HPS in middle school chemistry textbooks, teaching models and cases, and empirical research on educational value, summarizes experiences and lessons, and provides the views on the urgent improvement of HPS education, in order to provide reference for carrying out HPS education more efficiently.